Kāliṅgabodhi jātaka's classification of Buddhist shrines revisited

The Kāliṅgabodhi jātaka is a frequently referenced early Pāli text that offers a categorization of Buddhist temples and their worship. It is particularly noteworthy since it enumerates three distinct categories of Buddhist sacred buildings known as cetiya (Skt.: caitya), which are supposedly approved by the Buddha himself. These three types of cetiya are as follows: sārīrika-cetiya, also known as dhatu[ka]cetiya to enshrine bodily relics; cetiya connected to an item or place worn by the Buddha, like the seat of Enlightenment beneath the bodhi tree or the tree itself (pāribhogika-cetiya); and a third “indicative,” dedicatory or commemorative kind called uddesika-cetiya. In this paper, I revisit the three types of cetiya from the Kāliṅgabodhi jātaka, suggest a new interpretation of the uddesika-cetiya category, and discuss the three types of cetiya connections with different modes of pilgrimage.