Reconceptualizing “Spiritual” since the 20th Century: An Inter-Continental Perspective on the Global South and East

The shift of world Christianity towards the Global South and its rising significance in Asia introduces the “Global East” concept, highlighting Asia’s key role and encouraging comparisons with Africa. This underscores striking connections and differences between these two regions, particularly within the context of global Pentecostalism. Pentecostalism greatly contributes to the rise of indigenous churches in non-Western World, notably AICs and China’s Three-self Movement, due to its proximity to local traditions. However, its American-dominated narrative often fails to fully capture the essence of indigenous movements, leading to a paradoxical relationship of both convergence and divergence. Therefore, a Pneuma-centric reconceptualization of Christian identity is essential in the Global South and East, going beyond traditional Pentecostalism towards a unique, non-western spirituality found in Africa’s “Spiritual Churches” and Asia’s “spiritual Christians.” This approach, emphasizing Spirit-centered practices and local expressions, seeks authentic Christianity that reflects global diversity and continues the apostolic age’s legacy.